Read the following cartoon in order to answer QUESTION.
Read the cartoon with the Peanuts characters Peppermint Patty and Marcie and analyse the statements:
I. Ma’am is a contraction of madam, a very formal way of addressing a woman.
II. Ready is the past participle form of the verb to read.
III. Fell out could be replaced for fell left out, with the same meaning at the sentence.
IV. Good going is an expression that can be used both to congratulate someone for having done something well or, sarcastically, when someone does something really stupid.
After analyzing the statements, mark the CORRECT alternative.
Read the following text in order to answer QUESTION.
Remarkable Intelligence: Octopus and Human Brains Share the Same “Jumping Genes”
An exceptional organism with an extremely complex brain and cognitive abilities makes the octopus very unique among invertebrates. The neural and cognitive complexity of these animals could originate from a molecular analogy with the human brain, as discovered by a research paper that was recently published in BMC Biology and coordinated by Remo Sanges from Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA) of Trieste and by Graziano Fiorito from Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn of Naples.
This research shows that the same ‘jumping genes’ are active both in the human brain and in the brain of two species, Octopus vulgaris, the common octopus, and Octopus bimaculoides, the Californian octopus. A discovery that could help us understand the secret of the intelligence of these remarkable organisms.
Sequencing the human genome revealed as early as 2001 that over 45% of it is composed of sequences called transposons, so-called ‘jumping genes’ that, through molecular copy-and-paste or cut-and-paste mechanisms, can ‘move’ from one point to another of an individual’s genome, shuffling or duplicating.
In most cases, these mobile elements remain silent: they have no visible effects and have lost their ability to move.
Among these mobile elements, the most relevant are those belonging to the so-called LINE (Long Interspersed Nuclear Elements) family, found in a hundred copies in the human genome and still potentially active. It has been traditionally though that LINEs’ activity was just a vestige of the past, a remnant of the evolutionary processes that involved these mobile elements, but in recent years new evidence emerged showing that their activity is finely regulated in the brain. There are many scientists who believe that LINE transposons are associated with cognitive abilities such as learning and memory: they are particularly active in the hippocampus, the most important structure of our brain for the neural control of learning processes.
The octopus’ genome, like ours, is rich in ‘jumping genes’, most of which are inactive. Focusing on the transposons still capable of copy-and-paste, the researchers identified an element of the LINE family in parts of the brain crucial for the cognitive abilities of these animals.
“The discovery of an element of the LINE family, active in the brain of the two octopuses species, is very significant because it adds support to the idea that these elements have a specific function that goes beyond copy-and-paste,” explains Remo Sanges, director of the Computational Genomics laboratory at SISSA.
“I literally jumped on the chair when, under the microscope, I saw a very strong signal of activity of this element in the vertical lobe, the structure of the brain which in the octopus is the seat of learning and cognitive abilities, just like the hippocampus in humans,” tells Giovanna Ponte from Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn.
“The brain of the octopus is functionally analogous in many of its characteristics to that of mammals,” says Graziano Fiorito, director of the Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms of the Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn. “For this reason, also, the identified LINE element represents a very interesting candidate to study to improve our knowledge on the evolution of intelligence.”.
Available at: https://scitechdaily.com/remarkable-intelligence-octopusand-human-brains-share-the-same-jumping-genes/ (Adapted)
In reference with the text, researchers found that:
Read the following text in order to answer QUESTION.
Remarkable Intelligence: Octopus and Human Brains Share the Same “Jumping Genes”
An exceptional organism with an extremely complex brain and cognitive abilities makes the octopus very unique among invertebrates. The neural and cognitive complexity of these animals could originate from a molecular analogy with the human brain, as discovered by a research paper that was recently published in BMC Biology and coordinated by Remo Sanges from Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA) of Trieste and by Graziano Fiorito from Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn of Naples.
This research shows that the same ‘jumping genes’ are active both in the human brain and in the brain of two species, Octopus vulgaris, the common octopus, and Octopus bimaculoides, the Californian octopus. A discovery that could help us understand the secret of the intelligence of these remarkable organisms.
Sequencing the human genome revealed as early as 2001 that over 45% of it is composed of sequences called transposons, so-called ‘jumping genes’ that, through molecular copy-and-paste or cut-and-paste mechanisms, can ‘move’ from one point to another of an individual’s genome, shuffling or duplicating.
In most cases, these mobile elements remain silent: they have no visible effects and have lost their ability to move.
Among these mobile elements, the most relevant are those belonging to the so-called LINE (Long Interspersed Nuclear Elements) family, found in a hundred copies in the human genome and still potentially active. It has been traditionally though that LINEs’ activity was just a vestige of the past, a remnant of the evolutionary processes that involved these mobile elements, but in recent years new evidence emerged showing that their activity is finely regulated in the brain. There are many scientists who believe that LINE transposons are associated with cognitive abilities such as learning and memory: they are particularly active in the hippocampus, the most important structure of our brain for the neural control of learning processes.
The octopus’ genome, like ours, is rich in ‘jumping genes’, most of which are inactive. Focusing on the transposons still capable of copy-and-paste, the researchers identified an element of the LINE family in parts of the brain crucial for the cognitive abilities of these animals.
“The discovery of an element of the LINE family, active in the brain of the two octopuses species, is very significant because it adds support to the idea that these elements have a specific function that goes beyond copy-and-paste,” explains Remo Sanges, director of the Computational Genomics laboratory at SISSA.
“I literally jumped on the chair when, under the microscope, I saw a very strong signal of activity of this element in the vertical lobe, the structure of the brain which in the octopus is the seat of learning and cognitive abilities, just like the hippocampus in humans,” tells Giovanna Ponte from Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn.
“The brain of the octopus is functionally analogous in many of its characteristics to that of mammals,” says Graziano Fiorito, director of the Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms of the Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn. “For this reason, also, the identified LINE element represents a very interesting candidate to study to improve our knowledge on the evolution of intelligence.”.
Available at: https://scitechdaily.com/remarkable-intelligence-octopusand-human-brains-share-the-same-jumping-genes/ (Adapted)
According to the text, all the alternatives are correct, EXCEPT:
Read the following cartoon in order to answer QUESTION.
Read the statements:
I. Peppermint Patty had to write a report about the manufacturing of binder rings.
II. Peppermint Patty bought a ring too tight for her finger and now she wants to return it to the dealer.
III. Marcie thinks Peppermint Patty is going very well with her job on the report
IV. Peppermint Patty said she will take two weeks to finish all the parts of her report.
After analyzing the statements, mark the CORRECT alternative.
Read the following text in order to answer QUESTION.
Cyberattacks are reshaping modern warfare. How can countries and companies protect themselves?
Cybersecurity has become a top priority for governments, businesses and critical infrastructure operators, especially since the start of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine which has been marked by sophisticated cyber attacks.
Cyberattacks on governmental websites were seen more recently in Taiwan when it experienced intermittent outages just before US House Speaker Nancy Pelosi arrived in the country earlier this month amid sharp warnings from China before the visit. But cyberattacks do not just target state websites, they also hit critical infrastructure and even healthcare providers as well as small businesses.
Russia exploits grey space
The first is due to Russia’s increased cyber attacks on Ukraine and other countries, which have been ongoing for several “years and are called “grey space operations”.
“We saw a significant increase in cyberattacks in the last three years, particularly as we were putting sanctions and pressure on Russia. Russia is exploiting the grey space,” said Jonathan Reiber, who is now Vice President of Cybersecurity and Policy at the security platform AttackIQ, warning that companies and governments should prepare especially for that.
Another reason for the growing number of cyberattacks, said Reiber, is because there has been a massive increase in the commodification of ransomware as a service, meaning it is a lot easier for criminals to conduct ransomware attacks that are more highly effective.
So how can governments and companies protect themselves?
With regards to governments, Reiber advises them to prepare for contingencies with countries that could conduct a significant attack against their infrastructure.
How to prepare against cyberattacks
Reiber said to build a strong cyber defence, you should not focus on the technology but start with “a certain kind of mindset, you have to assume that you're going to be breached in cyberspace”.
space”. The next step is to then secure the most essential data and then have the right team to help build a cyber defence system and strategy.
After that, he said you must rigorously and constantly test your cybersecurity software to ensure it works. “The analogy I like to use is like if you build the best
navy in the world and you let it sit in port and you never took it out over a year how would you expect it to perform? That's essentially the state of cybersecurity,” he said.
To avert that situation, Reiber said the key is to invest in your cyber team, prepare the technologies, develop a strategy and test it yourself.
Available at: https://www.euronews.com/next/2022/08/11/cyberattacksare-reshaping-modern-warfare-how-can-countries-and-companiesprotect-themselv (Adapted)
Read the text and analyse the following statements related to the expression. “grey space operations”.
I. A limbo place between peace and war.
II. Somewhere between routine statecraft and open warfare.
III. Competitive interactions among state and non-state actors that fall between the traditional war and peace duality.
IV. Coercive actions in which states use national resources to threaten other states.
After analyzing the statements, mark the CORRECT alternative.
Read the following text in order to answer QUESTION.
Cyberattacks are reshaping modern warfare. How can countries and companies protect themselves?
Cybersecurity has become a top priority for governments, businesses and critical infrastructure operators, especially since the start of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine which has been marked by sophisticated cyber attacks.
Cyberattacks on governmental websites were seen more recently in Taiwan when it experienced intermittent outages just before US House Speaker Nancy Pelosi arrived in the country earlier this month amid sharp warnings from China before the visit. But cyberattacks do not just target state websites, they also hit critical infrastructure and even healthcare providers as well as small businesses.
Russia exploits grey space
The first is due to Russia’s increased cyber attacks on Ukraine and other countries, which have been ongoing for several “years and are called “grey space operations”.
“We saw a significant increase in cyberattacks in the last three years, particularly as we were putting sanctions and pressure on Russia. Russia is exploiting the grey space,” said Jonathan Reiber, who is now Vice President of Cybersecurity and Policy at the security platform AttackIQ, warning that companies and governments should prepare especially for that.
Another reason for the growing number of cyberattacks, said Reiber, is because there has been a massive increase in the commodification of ransomware as a service, meaning it is a lot easier for criminals to conduct ransomware attacks that are more highly effective.
So how can governments and companies protect themselves?
With regards to governments, Reiber advises them to prepare for contingencies with countries that could conduct a significant attack against their infrastructure.
How to prepare against cyberattacks
Reiber said to build a strong cyber defence, you should not focus on the technology but start with “a certain kind of mindset, you have to assume that you're going to be breached in cyberspace”.
space”. The next step is to then secure the most essential data and then have the right team to help build a cyber defence system and strategy.
After that, he said you must rigorously and constantly test your cybersecurity software to ensure it works. “The analogy I like to use is like if you build the best
navy in the world and you let it sit in port and you never took it out over a year how would you expect it to perform? That's essentially the state of cybersecurity,” he said.
To avert that situation, Reiber said the key is to invest in your cyber team, prepare the technologies, develop a strategy and test it yourself.
Available at: https://www.euronews.com/next/2022/08/11/cyberattacksare-reshaping-modern-warfare-how-can-countries-and-companiesprotect-themselv (Adapted)
According to the text, it is CORRECT to affirm that: