Questões de Inglês - Grammar - Verbs - Infinitive
TEXT
New Translations Explore Brazil’s ‘Endless and Unfinished’ Character
Mário de Andrade’s novel
“Macunaíma: The Hero With No Character”
follows a shape-shifting, rule-flouting, race-
switching trickster as he roams the vast nation of
[5] Brazil, meeting historical characters, folkloric
figures, and outrageously satirized stereotypes
along the way.
Rich with words and references from
Indigenous and Afro-Brazilian cultures, the
[10] modernist novel was hailed as a classic upon its
publication in 1928, and has long been seen as an
allegory for Brazil’s unique cultural blend. Faced
with criticism of the book’s uncredited reliance on
anthropological research, Andrade offered up, in
[15] an open letter, a typically insouciant response: “I
copied Brazil.”
Some scholars have deemed the book’s
complexity virtually untranslatable — but this
week, New Directions published a new translation
[20] of “Macunaíma” by Katrina Dodson that aims to
transport Andrade’s idiosyncratic prose into
English. Over six years of research, Dodson
familiarized herself with every aspect of the
novel. She chased down obscure flora and fauna
[25] on two trips to the Amazon, waded through
reams of critical commentary, immersed herself
in Andrade’s archives in São Paulo and discussed
the book’s continued relevance with
contemporary Brazilians. While she found that for
[30] some readers the book continues to represent
the “endless and unfinished” national spirit of
Brazil, she also met many Afro-Brazilian and
Indigenous artists who have set out to reclaim the
folkloric roots that Andrade drew on.
[35] Inspired by her research, Dodson hopes
that her new translation will emphasize just how
deeply personal, and multifaceted, the concept of
Brazil was for Andrade. “He had African heritage
on both sides. Once you know more about him
[40] and more about the context of how he wrote this
book, you understand that there are a lot of very
sincere and serious questions at the heart of it.”
The notion that the book and its main
character are a stand-in for the country and its
[45] “amalgamation of different races and ethnicities”
has helped establish “Macunaíma” as a canonical
novel, read in every classroom devoted to
Brazilian literature, said Pedro Meira Monteiro,
chair of Spanish and Portuguese at Princeton
[50] University. But it would be a mistake to read it as
a nationalist project, he said. “Mário is so
profoundly charmed by the endless and
unfinished character of Brazil,” he said, referring
to the author by his first name, with the
[55] familiarity common to Andrade’s readers in
Brazil.“ He is seeing something that he recognizes
as his and at the same time not,” he said. “There’s
a problematic sense of belonging in his work that
is profound.”
[60] A more personal register is on full
display in “The Apprentice Tourist,” the first
translation of another Andrade book by Flora
Thomson-DeVeaux that was also published this
week by Penguin Classics. Compiled from notes
[65] Andrade made during his first trip to the Amazon
shortly before “Macunaíma” was released, “The
Apprentice Tourist” shows Andrade’s fascination
with Amazonian cultures — and his utter
boredom with the government officials and elites
[70] who welcomed the group of travelers along the
way.
Andrade was born in São Paulo, the
country’s industrial capital, in 1893. He enrolled
in São Paulo’s Dramatic and Musical Conservatory
[75] at age 11 to train as a concert pianist, taught
himself French and became enamored with the
poetry of the Symbolists. By his mid-20s he was
traveling throughout Brazil, publishing poetry and
essays on folklore along the way.
[80] Andrade’s fascination with the
multiplicities of Brazilian culture placed him at the
center of the modernist movements that were
sweeping the country in the 1920s. “Macunaíma”
was first excerpted in the Revista de
[85] Antropofagia, the journal edited by Oswald de
Andrade (no relation), whose 1928 manifesto
proclaimed that Brazilian thinkers needed to
reject European artifice and “cannibalize” native
forms of storytelling to produce a new Brazilian
[90] art. Antropofagia, or anthropophagy in English,
refers to the eating of human flesh.
The book found an admiring readership
among the Brazilian intelligentsia, but even they
were struck by its incongruities. One critic, João
[95] Ribeiro — a prominent folklorist himself — called
it “voluntarily barbarous, primeval, an assortment
of disconnected fragments put together by a
commentator incapable of any coordination.”
Dodson approached the book because
[100] she felt the existing English translation, E.A.
Goodland’s 1984 version for Random House, had
smoothed over the “joy and poetry of the
language, and the cultural politics of the
particular mix of languages.”
[105] Take the book’s first line, which half a
dozen Brazilian artists and scholars interviewed
by The New York Times quoted, unprompted,
from memory: “No fundo do mato-virgem nasceu
Macunaíma, herói da nossa gente.” Goodland’s
[110] translation of the first line ignores Andrade’s
sentence structure. It starts: “In a far corner of
Northern Brazil” — words that do not exist in the
original — then continues, “at an hour when so
deep a hush had fallen on the virgin forest….”
[115] Goodland, a retired technical director for a sugar
company in Guyana, was “well-versed in all of the
natural history foundation of the book,” Dodson
said, “but he completely missed the spirit of what
the book is trying to do.”
[120] Dodson decided to essentially
transliterate the line, despite the grammatical
awkwardness it introduces in English: “In the
depths of the virgin-forest was born Macunaíma,
hero of our people.” The importance of the line,
[125] she said, is not in establishing where the action is
taking place, as Goodland had done, but in
bringing the reader into the fold of the people at
hand. “Macunaíma is our hero,” she said.
As her knowledge of the book
[130] deepened, Dodson said, she found herself
walking back some of her own interventions to
maintain the “music” of the original. “A lot of the
words in the book are not in the regular Brazilian
Portuguese dictionaries,” Dodson noted. “Or if
[135] they are, the meanings are ambiguous. My goal
was to make you feel the joy of language in the
book, to be carried along by all the humor and
the colloquial ways in which people speak, but
also by the beautiful sounds of the Indigenous
[140] words.”
For the Brazilian artists behind the
book’s many adaptations into film, theater, and
art, Andrade’s insistence on maintaining the
complex vernacular that he overheard on his
[145] travels is precisely what makes the book so vital.
“The book’s difficulty is its genius,” said Iara
Rennó, a São Paulo-based musician. Shortly after
reading the book for the first time and becoming
enamored by its musicality, Rennó began writing
[150] her 2008 album, “Macunaíma Ópera Tupi.”
“‘Macunaíma’ puts the reader, who is used to so
called ‘well-written’ Portuguese, into a state of
transgression,” she said. “And that transgression
is so important. It feeds culture.”
[155] Some scholars have compared
“Macunaíma” to James Joyce’s “Ulysses,” another
totemic modernist novel from the 1920s whose
allusive, wide-ranging play with language is as
central to its identity as its plot. “The elites in
[160] Brazil love to think of themselves as dislocated
Europeans,” said Caetano Galindo, whose
innovative 2012 translation of “Ulysses” into
Brazilian Portuguese won the prestigious Jabuti
prize. Andrade, he added, “had a huge role in
[165] facing the fact that this is not a true monolingual
country.”
Nearly a century after its publication,
many of the novel’s Brazilian admirers are unsure
of how it will be received in the United States.
[170] “Macunaíma is always on the verge of being
canceled,” said Meira Monteiro, the Princeton
professor.
Adapted from: https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/07
The -ING words “publishing” (line 78), “sweeping" (line 83), and “admiring” (line 92) function respectively as
Leia o texto a seguir e responda à questão.
Mo Farah says he was trafficked to the U.K. and forced into child labor
July 12, 20229:50 AM ET Mo Farah says he was trafficked to the U.K. and forced into child labor : NPR
Olympic gold medalist Mo Farah says he was trafficked to the U.K. under a false name and forced into child labor, revealing stunning details about the painful path that culminated in him being awarded a knighthood. “Most people know me as Mo Farah, but it’s not my name — or, it’s not the reality,” Farah said in a new documentary about the track star.
“The real story is, I was born in Somaliland, north of Somalia, as Hussein Abdi Kahin,” he added. Farah has previously said he came to the U.K. as a young child with his parents, fleeing the war in Somalia. But he now says his father died when Farah was four years old, and that he was soon separated from his mother and other relatives.
“I was brought into the U.K. illegally under the name of another child, called Mohammed Farah,” he said. At the time, he was around 8 or 9 years old.
The documentary, made by the BBC and Red Bull Studios, includes footage of visa documents that Farah says were faked, bearing his photo and another child’s name.
“I know I’ve taken someone else’s place. And I do wonder, what is Mohammed doing now?” he said in the documentary, clips of which are posted on the BBC’s website.
The woman who brought Farah into the U.K. had told him he would soon join his relatives in the country. He carried a piece of paper with his family members’ contact information on it. But after arriving, the woman tore up the paper and threw it in the trash.
“The lady, what she did wasn’t right,” Farah said. Farah described being exploited and threatened, as he worked in the household of another family. There, he was forced to cook and clean and tend to other children — and he was told to keep his mouth shut about his true origin, or the authorities would take him away.
“Often, I would just lock myself in the bathroom and cry, and nobody’s there to help. So after a while, I just learned not to have that emotion,” he said.
The celebrated runner says his unique abilities and luck are all that saved him from trafficking and forced servitude. When he was finally allowed to attend school, his talents quickly drew the attention of a teacher who connected with him — and who then helped Farah get placed into a foster home with a different Somali family.
Farah, who received a knighthood from Queen Elizabeth in 2017, says he’s speaking out now about what he went through to raise public awareness about other people who are caught in the same plight. The BBC says it attempted to contact the woman who brought Farah into the U.K. for her side of the story, but she hasn’t replied.
(Mo Farah says he was trafficked to the U.K. and forced into child labor : NPR)
Leia o fragmento do texto a seguir .
Olympic gold medalist Mo Farah says he was trafficked to the U.K. under a false name and forced into child labor, revealing stunning details about the painful path that culminated in him being awarded a knighthood.
Com base no fragmento do texto, assinale a alternativa que apresenta, corretamente, o sinônimo da palavra “stunning”.
Leia o texto para responder à questão.
There is no agent of ecological imperialism more ferocious than the wild pig. Wherever Europeans invaded, from the Americas to Australia, so did their pigs, many of which escaped into the countryside to wreak havoc. The beasts tear through native plants and animals, they spread disease, they destroy crops, and they reconstruct whole ecosystems in their wake. They’re not so much pests as they are chaos embodied.
Now add climate change to the wild pig’s résumé of destruction. In their never-ending search for food, the pigs root through soils, churning the dirt like a farmer tills fields. Scientists already knew, to some extent, that this releases the carbon that’s locked in the soil, but researchers in Australia, New Zealand, and the US have now calculated how much soil wild pigs may be disturbing worldwide. The carbon dioxide emissions that they produce annually, the authors concluded, equal that of more than a million cars.
It’s yet another piece of an increasingly worrisome puzzle, showing how modification of the land has — in this case, inadvertently — exacerbated climate change. “Anytime you disturb soil, you’re causing emissions,” says University of Queensland ecologist Christopher O’Bryan, lead author on a new paper describing the research in the journal Global Change Biology. “When you till soil for agriculture, for example, or you have widespread land-use change — urbanization, forest loss.”
Given their domination of whole landscapes, pigs had to be making things worse, the researchers knew, but no one had modeled it worldwide. “We started to realize there’s a big gap at the global scale looking at this question,” O’Bryan adds.
(Matt Simon. www.wired.com, 19.07.2021. Adaptado.)
No trecho do quarto parágrafo “We started to realize there’s a big gap at the global scale looking at this question”, o termo sublinhado equivale, em português, a
Leia o texto para responder a questão.
Researchers in the US have developed a technological aid: a chest-mounted video camera — linked to a processing unit involving a computer-vision algorithm — and a pair of vibrating wristbands. When the system detects a hazard that the wearer is set to collide with, the wristband on the same side as the hazard vibrates. If the obstacle is straight ahead, both wristbands vibrate. The researchers said the device was not designed to replace canes or guide dogs but rather to provide additional benefits, including helping wearers to avoid hazards above ground level.
Writing in the journal Jama Ophthalmology, the researchers reported that a study of 368 hours of walking video data from 31 blind or partially sighted participants indicates that the approach could be helpful.
After a period of training, each participant used the system for about four weeks, in addition to their cane or guide dog. During this time the system switched unannounced between “active” mode — during which the wristbands vibrated when a hazard was detected — and “silent” mode, where they did not. The researchers then analysed the data to see whether the rate of contacts between the user’s body or cane and the objects identified by the system differed between the two scenarios.
When they looked at a random sample of collision warnings for each participant, they found that such contacts were reduced by 37% when the system was in active mode, taking into account factors including participants’ level of visual acuity.
(Nicola Davis. www.theguardian.com, 22.07.2021. Adaptado.)
In the excerpt from the first paragraph “to provide additional benefits”, the underlined word can be replaced, with no change in meaning, by
The patient has been through a brain surgery. The doctor is seeing him after the procedure, and is describing what happened.
The correct verb form to complete the doctor’s sentence “You ________ a virus from your computer” is
Texto 2
What are the missing words in the cartoon? Consider context, grammar and the respective order to complete the blanks.
Faça seu login GRÁTIS
Minhas Estatísticas Completas
Estude o conteúdo com a Duda
Estude com a Duda
Selecione um conteúdo para aprender mais: