Questões de Inglês - Grammar - Linking words - Others
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The longstanding mystery surrounding Antarctica’s Blood Falls has finally been solved. The deep red falls were first discovered in Antarctica in 1911 where scientists noticed a river had stained the surrounding cliff of ice with a dark red color. Previously, they had believed it was due to algae discoloring the water, however that hypothesis was never verified.
Now, thanks to research by the University of Alaska Fairbanks, we know the true origin of the Blood Falls flowing from the Taylor Glacier. The deep red coloring is due to oxidized iron in brine saltwater, the same process that gives iron a dark red color when it rusts. When the iron bearing saltwater comes into contact with oxygen the iron undergoes oxidation and takes on a red coloring, in effect dying the water to a deep red color.
The research team calculates that the brine water takes approximately 1.5 million years to finally reach the Blood Falls as it makes its way through fissures and channels in the glacier.
https://tinyurl.com/22vb439j%20Acesso%20em:%2016.08.2023.
A expressão due to, em negrito, introduz
Leia o pôster de uma campanha do grupo “Dementia Together Northern Ireland” para responder à questão.
(www.publichealth.hscni, 20.01.2017.)
No título do pôster “I have dementia but I’m still me”, o termo sublinhado foi empregado com o mesmo sentido em:
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The Amazon has existed as a dense and humid rainforest full of life for at least 55 million years. But in a new paper, scientists claim that over 75% of the ecosystem has been losing resilience since the early 2000s due to climate change. This process appears to be most prominent in areas that are closer to human activity, as well as in those receiving less rainfall.
The resilience of an ecosystem — its capacity to maintain usual processes like the regrowth of vegetation following drought — is a notoriously difficult concept for scientists to measure. In this paper, the authors analysed satellite images of remote areas of rainforest across the Amazon from 1991 to 2016. Using a measurement called vegetation optical depth, they suggested that forest biomass (the total weight of organisms in a given area) is taking longer to recover in these
places as stresses accumulate.
This, the authors argue, suggests that longer dry seasons and drier conditions caused by climate change are undermining the rainforest’s ability to recover from successive droughts. The authors note, for example, that drought-sensitive tree species are being replaced with drought-resistant ones at a much slower rate compared with rapid changes in the regional climate. This could mean that the Amazon is approaching a tipping point which, if passed, would lead to the collapse of the rainforest into a dry grassland or savanna.
(https://theconversation.com, 07.03.2022. Adaptado.)
Na frase do terceiro parágrafo “the Amazon is approaching a tipping point which, if passed, would lead to the collapse of the rainforest into a dry grassland or savanna”, o trecho sublinhado expressa uma ideia de
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Being yourself at work
When Danielle Vinales, a 24-year-old university employee working in the US state of Virginia, transitioned to remote work in March, she noticed something striking about herself: she talked with her hands. Seeing herself on video-conferencing calls, the Miami native became aware of how her speech and actions made her stand out as distinctly Latina in contrast to her colleagues. She was suddenly self-conscious of her mannerisms and accent in a way she hadn’t been before. Whenever she would see her hands go up in her tiny Zoom window, it would be a visual reminder to tone it down. Vinales consciously decided to restrict her hand gesture.
What Vinales did is an example of ‘code-switching’. The term, coined in the 1950s, was originally intended to describe the way bilingual individuals switched between languages and corresponding identities. It has since evolved to refer to the way people adjust and adapt their behaviour, appearance and language to avoid highlighting negative stereotypes in school and work environments. Conforming may mean putting on a persona that’s more ‘compatible’ with the environment more likable or relatable, thus more likely to succeed.
Covid-19 has changed the way nearly everyone works, which means that code-switching is also evolving. The use of video conferencing has blurred the border between ‘private’ or ‘office’ spaces. “There are new ways of code-switching in remote work environments, like using virtual backgrounds or turning your camera off,” says professor Courtney McCluney, from Cornell University. Before the pandemic, McCluney continues, offices that were entirely virtual were more likely to emphasise employees embracing their true selves. Without physically walking into an office every day, these remote workers didn’t have to be as ‘on’ and “were code-switching less,” she says.
For Vinales, the switch to remote allowed her to be more candid; seeing her boss on camera — in her home, with her kids in the background — made Vinales more confident about disclosing her insecurities. She felt her boss was letting her colleagues in, and it empowered her to do the same. She feels that her need to code-switch has drastically decreased and now, while working from home, she’s making more of an effort to connect with her colleagues on a personal level. And more importantly, it’s allowed her to feel more herself.
(Chika Ekemezie. www.bbc.com, 21.01.2021. Adaptado.)
In the fragment from the second paragraph “thus more likely to succeed”, the underlined term indicates
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Female historical figures who were happy with their choices
Greta Garbo
In the 1932 film “Grand Hotel,” Garbo’s character famously proclaimed, “I want to be alone,” a quote that was affiliated with her for the rest of her life. She did have several relationships, including a long on-and-off with her frequent co-star John Gilbert. He once proposed to her, but she said no. “I was in love with him, but I froze,” she later told New York magazine. “I was afraid he would tell me what to do and boss me. I always wanted to be the boss.”
Coco Chanel
The iconic designer had many, many love affairs and several significant relationships, but she never married. She was once quoted as saying, “I never wanted to weigh more heavily on a man than a bird.” Less great: the evidence that she worked as a Nazi spy during the Second World War.
Mary Cassatt
Cassatt had a lot of familial love, as she’s maybe best known for her paintings that clearly but unsentimentally depicted the bonds between parents and children. But that love came from her relationships with her nieces and nephews, as she chose not to marry and didn’t have kids herself. The Impressionist painter enjoyed the freedoms that feminism had given women of her privileged stature by the turn of the 20th century — among them the right to an independent life. She was highly educated and well-travelled, and spoke out about the importance of female suffrage.
Louisa May Alcott
Like Jo in her best-known book “Little Women,” Alcott was independent and concerned with advancing women’s place in the world. But unlike Jo, she never married. “I’d rather be a free spinster and paddle my own canoe,” she wrote in her journal.
(Maija Kappler. www.huffingtonpost.ca, 28.02.2020. Adaptado.)
No trecho do texto sobre Greta Garbo “a quote that was affiliated with her for the rest of her life”, o termo sublinhado pode ser substituído, sem alteração de sentido, por
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We too often think we are better at something than we are
Are you familiar with the Dunning Kruger effect? It holds that the more incompetent people are, the less they are aware of their incompetence. The effect is named after David Dunning of the University of Michigan and Justin Kruger of New York University.
Dunning and Kruger gave their test subjects a series of cognitive tasks and asked them to estimate how well they did. At best, 25 percent of the participants viewed their performance more or less realistically; only some people underestimated themselves. The quarter of subjects who scored worst on the tests really missed the mark, wildly exaggerating their cognitive abilities. Is it possible that boasting and failing are two sides of the same coin? As the researchers emphasize, their work highlights a general feature of self-perception: each of us tends to overlook our cognitive deficiencies.
So why is the chasm between would-be and actual performance so gaping? Don’t we all have an interest in assessing ourselves realistically? It surely would spare us a great deal of wasted effort and perhaps a few embarrassments. The answer, it seems, is that a moderate inflation of self-esteem has certain benefits. According to a review by psychologists Shelley Taylor and Jonathon Brown, rose-colored glasses1 tend to increase our sense of well-being and our performance. On the other hand, people afflicted by depression are inclined to be brutally realistic in their selfassessments. An embellished self-image seems to help us weather the ups and downs of daily life.
(Steve Ayan. www.scientificamerican.com, 15.05.2018. Adaptado.)
1rose-colored glasses: expressão usada como referência a uma visão positiva ou idealista.
No último parágrafo, a expressão “on the other hand” estabelece, entre a frase que ela introduz e a anterior, uma relação de
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